8/8/2023 0 Comments Cisco subnetting chartThe beginning number is the “Network ID” and the ending number is the “Broadcast ID.” You’re not allowed to use these numbers because they both have special meaning with special purposes. Subnets have a beginning and an ending, and the beginning number is always even and the ending number is always odd. For this reason, the most common smallest subnet is 8 bits, or precisely a single octet, although it can be smaller or slightly larger. MAC address communications are limited to a smaller network because they rely on ARP broadcasting to find their way around, and broadcasting can be scaled only so much before the amount of broadcast traffic brings down the entire network with sheer broadcast noise. The broadcast domain serves an important function because this is where devices on a network communicate directly with each other’s MAC addresses, which don’t route across multiple subnets, let alone the entire Internet. The smallest subnet that has no more subdivisions within it is considered a single “broadcast domain,” which directly correlates to a single LAN (local area network) segment on an Ethernet switch. The word subnet is short for sub network–a smaller network within a larger one. The numbers below show how IP addresses increment. Octets are made up of numbers ranging from 0 to 255. Instead of 32 binary base-2 digits, which would be too long to read, it’s converted to four base-256 digits. But to make such a large address block easier to handle, it was chopped up into four 8-bit numbers, or “octets,” separated by a period. This means that theoretically, the Internet can contain approximately 4.3 billion unique objects. The IP address consists of a 32-bit number that ranges from 0 to 4294967295. An IP address is a unique identifier given to a single device on an IP network. IP addresses and subnetsĪlthough IP stands for Internet Protocol, it’s a communications protocol used from the smallest private network to the massive global Internet. I’ve helped countless individuals learn what subnetting is all about using my own graphical approach and calculator shortcuts, and I’ve put all that experience into this article. Over the years, I’ve watched students needlessly struggle through school and in practice when dealing with subnetting because it was never explained to them in an easy-to-understand way. IP subnetting is a fundamental subject that’s critical for any IP network engineer to understand, yet students have traditionally had a difficult time grasping it. It's a great primer for students and a nice refresher for others. George Ou explains IP subnetting using his own graphical approach.
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